Con la sorprendente noticia de que la leyenda del fútbol Lionel Messi se unirá al equipo Inter Miami de la Major League Soccer, nos hizo pensar: ¿Quién inventó este deporte?
El fútbol es, con diferencia, el deporte más popular del mundo, y por una buena razón: amado por al menos 265 millones de personas en todo el mundo, es fácil jugar en una arena o campo aleatorio y vincularse instantáneamente con los jugadores que compiten en los estadios de todo el mundo.
Pero si estás buscando al antiguo progenitor de todo eso de correr, patear y cooperar, prepárate para dar marcha atrás a tu reloj, hacer girar el globo y asegurarte de no perder literalmente la cabeza. Esto es lo que necesita saber sobre los orígenes antiguos del fútbol y por qué es el deporte favorito del mundo en la actualidad.
Orígenes antiguos del fútbol
el Los chinos fueron los primeros. Para divertirse pateando pelotas en las redes para este deporte en el siglo III a. C., el juego conocido universalmente como fútbol se formalizó en Inglaterra en el siglo XIX. Pero el antepasado de la mayoría de los juegos de pelota modernos se puede encontrar en América. (Ver fotos antiguas de jugadores de fútbol de todo el mundo..)
“La idea de los deportes de equipo se inventó en Centroamérica”, afirma. María Millerprofesor de historia del arte en la Universidad de Yale que ha estudiado una amplia evidencia de este deporte.
En Mesoamérica, la vasta región histórica que se extiende desde México hasta Costa Rica, las civilizaciones florecieron mucho antes de que Colón las “descubriera”, y muchas de estas personas practicaban deportes que involucraban una pelota pesada hecha de un material derivado de la resina de los árboles.
No está claro exactamente dónde se inventó el juego, pero fue popular en las culturas mesoamericanas como los teotihuacanos, aztecas y mayas hace unos 3.000 años. Su nombre ha cambiado –ullamaliztli En los aztecas, Libro Ta Libro o beatz En maya. También lo hicieron sus reglas, que incluían movimientos como mantener la pelota en juego golpeándola contra partes del cuerpo o usando paletas o raquetas. (¿Quiénes son los mayas? Desbloquea los secretos de la civilización antigua..)
Muchos de estos juegos se jugaban con pelotas de goma de 16 libras, que todavía existen en el registro arqueológico. Otras pruebas de juego van desde vasijas de cerámica hasta más de 1.300 vasijas de gran tamaño. Canchas de piedra Que se puede encontrar en toda la región.
Los jugadores aztecas lanzaban el balón de un lado a otro entre los equipos utilizando únicamente las caderas y las nalgas (los pies o las manos estaban prohibidos). Intentaron golpear la pared trasera de las canchas de sus oponentes con un solo rebote, y a menudo sufrieron lesiones potencialmente mortales cuando fueron golpeados por la pelota dura y pesada. Si un jugador puede llegar a un ring alto en el lado del equipo contrario, será una victoria automática y un gran honor para el ganador.
hacer sacrificios
Aunque se jugaba como un deporte pequeño y cotidiano, como el fútbol o el baloncesto, este juego de pelota también ocupaba un lugar sagrado en la religión y la guerra de las culturas mesoamericanas. Se dice que los reyes aztecas lo practicaban como una alternativa a la guerra, obteniendo derechos de gobierno o difundiendo el drama diplomático con el juego de pelota. En las culturas maya y Veracruz, lo que estaba en juego era aún mayor: los perdedores eran sacrificados en algunos juegos rituales.
Los detalles no están claros, pero algunos estadios están decorados con pinturas que representan el sangriento sacrificio de los jugadores perdedores. Sacrificio y deporte están íntimamente ligados en A Mito de la creación maya.Además: Muestra a un par de gemelos jugando a la pelota y derrotando a los señores del inframundo en el campo. Luego se convierten en el sol y la luna.
A pesar de la evidencia de que los perdedores a veces obtenían un hacha literal, dice Miller, algunos arqueólogos del siglo XX se negaron a creer que alguien excepto… Los ganadores Fueron asesinados. «No creían que los mayas hicieran sacrificios humanos», dijo. «Ahora sabemos que esto es una completa tontería, al igual que la idea de sacrificar a cualquier jugador victorioso». En la mitología maya, el perdedor en un juego de pelota es decapitado y… Hoy en día, los investigadores aceptan ampliamente que son los perdedores, no los ganadores, quienes tienen la oportunidad..
Las escuelas británicas inventan una nueva encarnación
Aunque otras culturas, como los nativos americanos y los aborígenes australianos, practicaban juegos similares, el deporte moderno que algunas personas conocen como fútbol (y muchos otros conocen como fútbol) nació en las escuelas británicas. Aunque durante siglos practicaron variaciones del juego de manera informal, el deporte se hizo oficial en el siglo XIX.
A mediados del siglo XIX, los avances en el transporte, la mano de obra y la tecnología brindaron a la gente medios de entretenimiento y viajes para asistir a partidos competitivos en campos verdes. En la década de 1840, varias escuelas británicas habían establecido sus propios estándares de juego, lo que hacía posible que se celebraran torneos entre jugadores que conocían las mismas reglas.
Con el tiempo, dos conjuntos de reglas en competencia comenzaron a dominar el deporte. el Club de fútbol de Sheffield Permitir a los equipos ejecutar un tiro libre si su oponente desobedece las reglas de juego. La Universidad de Cambridge prohibió a los jugadores tener el balón en la mano. (Una mirada retrospectiva a más de 150 años de la copa más prestigiosa del fútbol inglés.)
A medida que la popularidad del deporte aumentó, los jugadores se unieron para… Asociación de fútbol de Londres. En 1877, Sheffield adoptó oficialmente las llamadas “Reglas de Londres”. Para entonces, algunos equipos habían comenzado a reclutar miembros de la liga de clase trabajadora a gran escala y a pagar sus salarios en secreto.
Los futbolistas de clase alta querían que el deporte siguiera siendo amateur. Pero en 1885 finalmente aceptaron permitir jugadores profesionales, lo que permitió que el deporte floreciera aún más. En 1904, el deporte se había vuelto tan popular que se volvió internacional y la FIFA comenzó a establecerlo ese mismo año.
El fútbol hoy
A partir de ahí, el éxito futbolístico se disparó. Después del debut de este deporte en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1908 y la primera Copa Mundial de la FIFA en 1930, el fútbol profesional floreció. Hoy en día, la FIFA sigue siendo el organismo rector del deporte y recaudó 755,5 millones de dólares solo en 2021.
Pero el corazón del deporte siempre ha estado en el campo, donde todos, desde niños pequeños hasta atletas profesionales experimentados, pueden disfrutar de la acción. El espíritu del fútbol, que Miller llama el espíritu del «pensamiento de grupo complejo», está vivo y coleando en ambos países. La encarnación moderna del juego de pelota. Y millones de jugadores aficionados y profesionales corren, zigzaguean y patean cada día hasta llegar a un campo de fútbol oficial o improvisado.
Nota del editor: Esta historia se publicó originalmente el 15 de junio de 2018. Ha sido actualizada.
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They spoke to Nat Geo about the different types of pneumonia, plus the risks and treatments.","title":"Here's what to know about pneumonia","tags":[{"name":"Science","id":"2af51eeb-09a8-3bcf-8467-6b2a08edb76c","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"},{"name":"Mind, Body, Wonder","id":"28559e65-cecd-3fa3-89da-d2313b927934","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/topic/health"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-science-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","isEntitled":false,"cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-science-tile_6bb991c8-e27c-44aa-b062-579be7a72863","description":"From gene therapy to Alzheimer’s treatment, predicting pancreatic cancer to pioneering reproduction methods, there were many promising discoveries in 2023 that will influence health and medicine","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/medical-breakthroughs-2023-gene-therapy-crispr-cancer-fertility","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.1296194153337011,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/3a614fe8-6208-42fd-831b-669fd17bd963/brain-original-render_transparent-background-black.jpg","altText":"Illustration showing the morphology of the differentiated brain neurons in a fruit fly","crdt":"Illustration by Michael Winding et al., 2023","dsc":"For the first time ever, researchers have fully mapped the brain wiring of an insect. 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Eventually the black holes will merge, an event that will produce gravitational waves. Gravity is the distortion of space-time by mass, and changes in this distortion travel in waves at the speed of light. The effect is most pronounced where extremely massive objects are subject to extremely high acceleration. This is seen, for instance, where black holes or neutron stars are in a close orbit such as this. In February 2016, gravitational waves were detected for the first time, 100 years after Einstein's prediction. The waves emanated from the collision of two black holes, of 36 and 29 solar masses, some 1.3 billion light years away. The waves were extremely faint by the time they arrived at Earth, where they were detected by the two LIGO detectors in the USA.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"F0187830-Black_holes_merging_illustration","rchDsc":{"markup":"Illustration of two black holes orbiting each other in a combined accretion disc. Eventually the black holes will merge, an event that will produce gravitational waves. Gravity is the distortion of space-time by mass, and changes in this distortion travel in waves at the speed of light. The effect is most pronounced where extremely massive objects are subject to extremely high acceleration. This is seen, for instance, where black holes or neutron stars are in a close orbit such as this. In February 2016, gravitational waves were detected for the first time, 100 years after Einstein's prediction. The waves emanated from the collision of two black holes, of 36 and 29 solar masses, some 1.3 billion light years away. The waves were extremely faint by the time they arrived at Earth, where they were detected by the two LIGO detectors in the USA."},"rchTtl":{"markup":"F0187830-Black_holes_merging_illustration"}},"abstract":"Space-time breakthroughs. Virgin births. A promising candidate for alien life. Science didn’t disappoint during our latest revolution around the sun.","title":"The 11 most astonishing scientific discoveries of 2023","tags":[{"name":"Science","id":"2af51eeb-09a8-3bcf-8467-6b2a08edb76c","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"},{"name":"2023 in Review","id":"768f76dc-7399-3bfb-8f2b-859444bc1839","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/best-of-2023"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-science-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","isEntitled":false,"cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-science-tile_f88d2603-0676-4640-bdf7-8852a7da56f9","description":"The upcoming year is filled with wonders for stargazers, including prime-condition meteor showers and a total solar eclipse.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/9-spectacular-night-sky-events-to-see-in-2024","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f127e410-ce6a-48cb-861d-8dc0d138c052/NationalGeographic_2652757.jpg","altText":"A solar eclipse at 99% totality, when it produces a diamond-ring effect","crdt":"Photograph by BEN HORTON, Nat Geo Image Collection","dsc":"A total solar eclipse in 2017, seen from Driggs, Idaho at 99% totality, when it produces a diamond-ring effect. Another total eclipse will be visible from the United States on April 8, 2024.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"NationalGeographic_2652757","rchDsc":{"markup":"A total solar eclipse in 2017, seen from Driggs, Idaho at 99% totality, when it produces a diamond-ring effect. Another total eclipse will be visible from the United States on April 8, 2024."},"rchTtl":{"markup":"NationalGeographic_2652757"}},"abstract":"The upcoming year is filled with wonders for stargazers, including prime-condition meteor showers and a total solar eclipse.","title":"9 spectacular night sky events to see in 2024","tags":[{"name":"Science","id":"2af51eeb-09a8-3bcf-8467-6b2a08edb76c","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"},{"name":"2023 in Review","id":"768f76dc-7399-3bfb-8f2b-859444bc1839","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/best-of-2023"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-science-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","isEntitled":false,"cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-science-tile_a8052a13-e713-4117-8ec2-4d5c9b5a88bf","description":"Colds and flu can sap your appetite, right when you need nutrition the most. 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